Some of this population dispersal was a direct result of nervous government policy to rid urban Britain of what they regarded as the criminal element. Then within your text you'd refer to (Griffin, 2012) for the former or (Luscombe, 2012) for the latter.

The geographic and political units formerly under British control, including dominions, colonies, dependencies, trust territories, and protectorates. Some of these were undoubtedly motivated by greed and selfishness. In this study, the author examines England’s medieval conquest, the advance of English power, and the colonization of the outer zones — particularly the countries of Scotland, Ireland, and Wales — of the British Isles. If you wish to use the Harvard Referencing system then this is probably the best way of doing it. The 'Colonial Office' peaked in importance with the appointment of Joseph Chamberlain in 1895 and was still an enormous government department until just after World War Two when it began its inevitable decline. Author, date, title of page [online], Website Title, [Date of Access] When the Japanese captured Singapore in 1942 it showed the colonies that the British Empire was not invincible and that it would be impossible for the status quo to be restored after the end of the war.

Nationalist sentiment grew in both old and new Imperial territories, fueled by pride at imperial troops' participation in the war and the grievance felt by many non-white ex-servicemen at the racial discrimination they had encountered during their service to the empire. However, British colonies provided a bureaucratic framework and a similarity of culture that appealed to many such migrants. Some argue that the rise of free trade merely reflected Britain's economic position and was unconnected with any true philosophical conviction. If you have any specific requests or need further clarification then do not hesitate to contact me by

In 1909 it was decided that the dominions should have their own navies, reversing an 1887 agreement that the then Australasian colonies should contribute to the Royal Navy in return for the permanent stationing of a squadron in the region. Another way to help if you are a webmaster or blog writer is to link to this site - either to the home page or to specific pages within the site. The empire thus took shape during the early seventeenth century, with the English settlement of the 13 colonies of North America, which would later become the original The sugar-producing colonies of the Caribbean, where England's American empire was slowly expanded by war and colonization, England gaining control of New Amsterdam (later The old British colonial system began to decline in the eighteenth century.

As someone who has been involved in education for most of my professional life I am very happy for any of my material to be used for educational, non-profit purposes. There are too many to mention here, but all submissions, images, etc... are gratefully acknowledged to the original authors or donors throughout the site. It should also be noted that various professions, industries and agencies provided their own services and training for personnel living and working in and around the Empire. Of course, there is rarely a single answer to the complicated realities of politics, economics and military rivalry. The Imperial Institute in South Kensington started a three month training program in law, accountancy, tropical hygiene and tropical resources. Historians have debated the motivations and justifications for these processes for pretty much as long as their has been an empire itself! Luscombe, S. 2012. The term "British Empire" was frequently used after 1685; for example, in John Oldmixon's book The origin of the British Empire as territorial expansion beyond the shores of Europe lies in the pioneering maritime policies of King Henry VII, who reigned 1485 to 1509. All the dominions except Australia and Ireland issued their own declarations of war. Those with technical and coding skills may be able to help also. It was therefore officially terminated in 1954 and replaced by a wider encompassing "Her Majesty's Overseas Civil Service" (HMOCS). This culminated in 1784 with a Board of Control to oversee the activities of the EIC. Various Caribbean and Pacific possessions held on a little longer but most of these also went their separate way. 1660 saw Charles II relaunch something similar with the creation of 'The Council of Foreign Plantations'. with its own Under-Secretary. The resulting limitation of both domestic markets and export opportunities led government and business leaders in Europe and later the U.S. to see the solution in sheltered overseas markets united to the home country behind imperial tariff barriers. The very success of the Protestant nations in challenging the Catholic hegemony in the New World and the East Indies seemed to confirm that God might be on the Protestants' side after all - although this did ignore the fact that the English and Dutch co-religionists were just as frequently found at the throats of one another. Plantations needed labour and labour was available, relatively cheaply, in West Africa. The 1920s saw a rapid transformation of dominion status. This culminated in the creation of the Dominion of New England in 1685 which saw a single Crown colony for much of the North-Eastern seaboard. 1696 saw the Council modified into a more professional organisation with the appointment of paid commissioners for the first time by King William III.

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