Forinstance, there are various vaccines, potions, medicines that scientificknowledge has aided to discover around the world. L’exemple des normaliennes scientifiques et des polytechniciennes », Le sexe des sciences, les femmes en plus, (1992) Revue Smeaton D., Glover J. and Fieling J. Recent studies carried out in France show that girls’ fears of this kind as to the “cost of transgression” are not as well-founded as they (and researchers) might imagine, at least where higher qualifications are concerned (CEREQ): graduates in the “hard” sciences and engineers may experience greater difficulty in finding a job than their male counterparts, but much better conditions than those encountered by girls trained in fields which already have a large proportion of women (life sciences, social sciences, arts subjects, etc.). She became one of leaders on the field of software development and made a great contribution to the development of new programming techniques. It is necessary to make sure that women in the developing countries have equal with men access to quality education. These arguments of justice and of equality are the first to be put forward. The fact that women are kept away from knowledge and occupations which play a key role in modern society, such as those related to science and technology, is unfair and harmful both for women and for society as a whole which deprives itself of their skills. UNESCO has launched an international project on “women, science and technology” with a planned duration of six years and is preparing a world conference on science in 1998 (R. Clair, 1997). Young girls can then certainly find some to identify with.39.

Women have got more freedom to express themselves and take active part in the development of technologies, despite the fact that there are still problems in this sphere. Experiments carried our directly with them have also shown their effectiveness. Rapporteur: Mrs Ana Guirado, Spain, Socialist Group. Women’s career paths may be the result of positive choices which work out well: a choice of “occupation” rather than “career”, a choice of lifestyle which gives more free time for the family and also for themselves. Kadambini (Basu) Ganguly 18 July 1861 – 3 October 1923. But this progress of the egalitarian ideal in representations and to some extent in practice is making its limits even more apparent. She also authored two books, The Handbook for Solar Radiation data for India in 1980 and Solar Radiation over India in 1981. Editions LIRIS-UNESCO, 1995. 22. Adil Amin Bhatt Course: Research Strategies Male hegemony still remains on the other hand in the “hard” sciences: maths, physics and engineering, which still account for the majority of male scientists. Women respondents to national sample surveys are often the only ones in their category, and therefore have to be included in larger groups which are not always relevant because they lump together all women of a given educational level (all higher qualifications) or all fields (all sciences and technologies) and often both together.14. They are useful for girls, but also for boys: the opening up of possibilities and the revelation of hidden tastes and talents concern boys too, and some of them may be unwilling scientists or suppressed artists!36. provide financial backing for the organisation of meetings, colloquies and networks of women graduates and scientists which could make possible fruitful comparison of women’s experiences in different countries;      iv. Assistance in moving into permanent posts in higher education and research at about the age of 30. This aim implies developing research which takes account of the temporal dimension of the phenomenon through comparing different generations or cohorts of men and women, scientists and non-scientists. This is the case, for example, of young women graduates of the schools of engineers in France since the beginning of the 90s and of women engineers in the Eastern European countries.31. Management posts are the most demanding as regards time. Men occupy high position in the society and politics and have access to the distribution of resources. Science and technology is one of the key aspects of the advancement of the world and evolution.Science on its own has its various applications so also does technology.. This equality should result in “equal conditions for realizing their full human rights and for contributing to, and benefiting from, economic, social, cultural and political development” (ILO, 2007). Research on careers in fact shows that the access of women to academic knowledge has helped reduce wage inequality with men and improve the whole range of their resources: networks of friends, associative links, participation in cultural activities, politics etc. In 1987 Anna Mani won the K.R. In addition, the percentage of women in science and technology is very low (Gender Equality in the Knowledge Society). These two forms of gender-based segregation do not overlap completely. Skill gaps are a key constraint to innovation, hindering productivity growth and economic development. These results show that gender inequality still exists in this sphere and it is necessary to pay scrupulous attention to this problem. a study on the measures to be taken to promote the development of out-of-school science and technology education for women, to be carried out by the School and Out-of-School Education Section of the Directorate on Education, Culture and Sport (DECS).1. There is in fact a strong tendency to impute to a speciality or to a field the qualities of those working in it, and the discourse changes when these fields change sex. Although many women make a career in the technology industry, it is shown that there is a low percentage of women in the technology industry due to the meritocracy myth.The meaning of the word meritocracy [mer-i-tok-ruh-see] is "government or the holding of power by people selected according to merit" (Oxford Dictionaries). encourage analysis of sexist representations in school textbooks and the media and eliminate all such stereotypes, in parallel with consideration of a less sexist and more attractive reflection of sciences that highlights their impact on developments in society, the environment and health;      xiii.


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