I report on these changes and much more from my base in the world’s largest metropolitan area, Tokyo, which I share with my 35 million neighbours. #NobelFacts 273 scientists have been nominated for the 2016 #NobelPrize in Physiology or Medicine. Fraser Stoddart, Jean-Pierre Sauvage and Ben Feringa were credited for their invention of the world’s smallest mechanical devices which are one-thousandth of a width of a strand of human hair. "The research found that shifting body posture affects visual perception. The biological recycling system breaks … Cells also use autophagy to destroy invading viruses and bacteria, sending them off for recycling. The award was established by the 1895 will and estate of Swedish chemist and inventor Alfred Nobel.It was first awarded in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace in 1901. Front-runners had included James P. Allison at the University of Texas M.D. The Nobel Prizes in the above specific sciences disciplines and the Prize in Economics, which is commonly identified with them, are widely regarded as the most prestigious award one can receive in those fields.In the 21st century, in the field of natural science, the number of Japanese winners of the Nobel Prize has been second behind the U.S. Ohsumi, who was born in 1945 in Fukuoka, Japan, and received a Ph.D. from the University of Tokyo in 1974, floundered at first, trying to find his way. Last year, Tokyo-based microbiologist Satoshi Omura shared the Nobel medicine prize for his work on a therapy for debilitating diseases caused by parasitic worms.Omura, a professor emeritus of Tokyo’s Kitasato University, shared the honor with William C. Campbell of Drew University in New Jersey and Youyou Tu of the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine.The Nobel committee honored Omura and Campbell for their work on a drug that has led to sharply lower incidences of river blindness and lymphatic filiarisis, commonly known as elephantiasis.Tu was honored for her work on artemisinin, a drug that has reduced malaria mortality.“These two discoveries have provided humankind with powerful new means to combat these debilitating diseases that affect hundreds of millions of people annually,” the committee said in its citation. When Dr. Ohsumi and his colleagues began, she said, “I doubt they for one moment thought that this fundamental process would ultimately be shown to be so important in disease mechanisms and potential therapies.”Dr. The process is thought to go awry in cancer, infectious diseases, immunological diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. But he also is quietly daring.“Unfortunately, these days, at least in Japan, young scientists want to get a stable job, so they are afraid to take risks,” he told the Journal of Cell Biology.

The Nobel Prize is an annual, international prize first awarded in 1901 for achievements in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.An associated prize in Economics has been awarded since 1969. His work led to a new field and inspired hundreds of researchers around the world to study the process and opened a new area of inquiry.“Without him, the whole field doesn’t exist,” said Seungmin Hwang, an assistant professor in the department of pathology at the University of Chicago. Mental health of Japanese kids nearly worst among rich nations, UNICEF says Anderson Cancer Center; Craig B. Thompson of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York; Gordon J. Freeman of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Tasuku Honjo of Kyoto University. “His work is some of the most elegant you can imagine for the knowledge and the beauty of how cells work.”Kay F. Macleod, a cancer researcher at the University of Chicago, said, “It is super exciting that autophagy has been recognized in and of itself.” Even more so, she added, because Dr. Ohsumi’s work was basic research. “This is impressive! “Most people decide to work on the most popular field because they think that is the easiest way to get a paper published.”As for himself, he said: “I am not very competitive, so I always look for a new subject to study, even if it is not so popular. Ohsumi is the sixth person from Japan to win the Nobel Prize in Medicine. And mutations in those genes can cause disease. The Japanese award delegation consisted of Atsuki Higashiyama, who, like all other winners, had traveled to the ceremony--incidentally the 26th First Annual Ig Nobel Prize ceremony- … “The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute has today decided to award the 2016 prize in Physiology or Medicine to Yoshinori Ohsumi for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy.” Three Japanese-born authors have won the Nobel Prize in Literature since it was first awarded in 1901: Kawabata Yasunari in 1968, Ōe Kenzaburō in … (SOUNDBITE) (Japanese) 46-YEAR-OLD COMPANY WORKER, SACHIKO IKEDA, SAYING: I have spent more than ten years working in the media industry across four continents, and have spent time at broadsheets like Financial Times, The Times and The Engineer (Ingeniøren), as well as writing for a number of online media specialising in technology, science and finance.

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